Developer job-market data
What developer roles pay and which skills employers are hiring for, tracked from live job postings across the market. Pick a role for its salary band and demand trend, or a skill to see what it pays and how sought-after it is.
Not sure what to learn next? See the highest-leverage skills to learn, ranked by demand, pay, and how hard they are to pass.
Posting counts in the role, skill and country tables are for October 2026, the most recent month tracked from start to finish.
Salaries by role
| Role | Median salary | Postings |
|---|---|---|
| Frontend Engineer | US$190,000 | 365 |
| Mobile Engineer | US$179,250 | 344 |
| Security Engineer | US$177,000 | 1,272 |
| Backend Engineer | US$173,750 | 718 |
| Full Stack Engineer | US$165,000 | 1,437 |
| Data Scientist | US$162,900 | 1,013 |
| Engineering Manager | £95,000 | 849 |
| DevOps Engineer | £78,750 | 1,624 |
| Data Engineer | £75,000 | 1,958 |
| Machine Learning Engineer | £75,000 | 1,146 |
| QA Engineer | £70,000 | 604 |
| Embedded Engineer | £65,000 | 401 |
| Software Engineer | A$110,000 | 9,889 |
| Data Analyst | £55,000 | 688 |
Highest-paying skills
- ai governanceUS$231,78932 postings · +74% vs typical
- jaxUS$223,82131 postings · +68% vs typical
- audio processingUS$210,00029 postings · +58% vs typical
- goUS$193,500951 postings · +45% vs typical
- web-platformUS$185,138670 postings · +39% vs typical
- oauthUS$183,80130 postings · +38% vs typical
- machine-learningUS$181,9002,023 postings · +37% vs typical
- azure openaiUS$180,95227 postings · +36% vs typical
- solid principlesA$273,00035 postings · +148% vs typical
- cssUS$180,000815 postings · +35% vs typical
- blockchainUS$178,75036 postings · +34% vs typical
- azure monitorA$270,40038 postings · +146% vs typical
- application insightsA$270,40028 postings · +146% vs typical
- hashicorp vaultUS$178,30928 postings · +34% vs typical
- jetpack-composeUS$177,50089 postings · +33% vs typical
- react-nativeUS$175,000216 postings · +31% vs typical
- reinforcement learningUS$172,50834 postings · +30% vs typical
- androidUS$170,000299 postings · +28% vs typical
- kotlinUS$170,000296 postings · +28% vs typical
- swiftUS$169,050288 postings · +27% vs typical
- bicepA$252,20049 postings · +129% vs typical
- firmware developmentUS$165,77533 postings · +25% vs typical
- data-scienceUS$165,0001,641 postings · +24% vs typical
- device driversUS$156,25058 postings · +17% vs typical
- azure/identity-access/key-vault-secretsUS$155,12928 postings · +17% vs typical
- hardware-in-the-loop testingUS$155,00046 postings · +16% vs typical
- sensor integrationUS$155,00043 postings · +16% vs typical
- oidcA$225,00026 postings · +105% vs typical
- dynatraceUS$147,74344 postings · +11% vs typical
- artifactoryA$220,40033 postings · +100% vs typical
Skills employers ask for together
The technology pairings that show up most often in the same job posting: the demand signal for what to learn alongside what.
| Pairing | Postings |
|---|---|
| Databases & SQL + Python | 30,675 |
| AWS + Python | 25,563 |
| AWS + Databases & SQL | 21,145 |
| AI Engineering + Python | 15,749 |
| Python + System Design | 15,530 |
| Databases & SQL + System Design | 14,616 |
| AWS + Docker | 14,239 |
| Databases & SQL + HTTP & APIs | 13,656 |
| AWS + System Design | 13,315 |
| AWS + Kubernetes | 12,928 |
| Docker + Kubernetes | 12,827 |
| AWS + CI-CD Pipelines | 11,682 |
What kinds of roles are hiring
How current postings break down: the mix of seniority, company stage, and how central system design is to the work.
System-design emphasis
| Medium | 51% |
|---|---|
| High | 37% |
| Low | 12% |
Individual contributor vs lead
| Individual contributor | 69% |
|---|---|
| Lead / manager | 31% |
Company stage
| Enterprise | 66% |
|---|---|
| Scale-up | 27% |
| Startup | 8% |
Working arrangement
| Hybrid | 47% |
|---|---|
| On-site | 33% |
| Remote | 20% |
Salaries by country
| Country | Median salary | Postings |
|---|---|---|
| United States | US$168,620 | 12,265 |
| Australia | A$107,500 | 5,387 |
| United Kingdom | £75,000 | 4,291 |
| Canada | — | 31 |
| India | — | 12 |
| Brazil | — | 9 |
| Singapore | — | 9 |
| Ireland | — | 7 |
| Poland | — | 6 |
| Sweden | — | 5 |
| Germany | — | 3 |
| Spain | — | 2 |
| France | — | 2 |
| Netherlands | — | 2 |
| Argentina | — | 1 |
| Japan | — | 1 |
| Mexico | — | 1 |
| Serbia | — | 1 |
| South Korea | — | — |
Top-paying tech employers
Employers ranked by the median base wage they disclose on H-1B/LCA visa filings. This is a base figure that omits equity and bonus, sourced from U.S. DOL OFLC. Only employers with enough filings to be reliable are ranked.
| Company | 25th | Median | 75th | Filings |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Roku | US$240,125 | US$376,579 | US$436,238 | 69 |
| Xai | US$276,138 | US$343,750 | US$370,336 | 32 |
| Anthropic Pbc | US$263,787 | US$315,000 | US$340,000 | 116 |
| Openai Opco | US$255,000 | US$310,000 | US$357,500 | 121 |
| Jane Street Group | US$256,250 | US$300,000 | US$300,000 | 26 |
| Anuttacon | US$216,000 | US$276,000 | US$300,000 | 29 |
| Citadel Americas Services | US$237,500 | US$262,500 | US$275,000 | 28 |
| Citadel Enterprise Americas Services | US$237,500 | US$262,500 | US$287,500 | 48 |
| People Center Inc D B A Rippling | US$218,750 | US$262,125 | US$300,000 | 76 |
| Roblox | US$229,870 | US$261,250 | US$289,460 | 227 |
| US$238,445 | US$260,000 | US$288,995 | 87 | |
| Stubhub | US$217,500 | US$250,000 | US$300,000 | 28 |
| Xmotorsai | US$177,500 | US$245,750 | US$300,000 | 35 |
| Moveworks | US$194,875 | US$240,000 | US$267,500 | 30 |
| Resolve Ai | US$200,000 | US$240,000 | US$240,000 | 41 |
| Discord | US$210,100 | US$239,256 | US$261,022 | 35 |
| Plaid | US$199,692 | US$237,579 | US$269,100 | 30 |
| Citadel Securities Americas Services | US$212,500 | US$237,500 | US$270,000 | 35 |
| Maplebear | US$202,500 | US$237,500 | US$270,000 | 75 |
| Attentive Mobile | US$213,750 | US$232,500 | US$271,250 | 28 |
| Scale Ai | US$204,500 | US$232,325 | US$267,500 | 44 |
| Activehours | US$199,691 | US$231,768 | US$255,293 | 37 |
| Okbl | US$176,040 | US$231,500 | US$262,590 | 30 |
| Auger | US$205,000 | US$230,000 | US$300,000 | 29 |
Biggest H-1B tech visa sponsors
Employers ranked by how many tech H-1B/LCA filings they disclose: the most active sponsors of international tech hires. Showing the top 24 of 9,383 employers.
| Company | 25th | Median | 75th | Filings |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Amazon | US$132,900 | US$158,300 | US$182,500 | 17,365 |
| Cognizant Technology Solutions | US$92,602 | US$109,886 | US$126,818 | 10,180 |
| Tata Consultancy Services | US$104,659 | US$109,861 | US$115,154 | 7,285 |
| Microsoft | US$155,276 | US$172,705 | US$191,855 | 7,180 |
| US$162,000 | US$186,000 | US$206,000 | 6,829 | |
| Infosys | US$89,413 | US$99,112 | US$116,303 | 5,026 |
| Meta | US$181,049 | US$204,467 | US$228,151 | 4,968 |
| Ernst Young | US$125,000 | US$160,614 | US$206,424 | 4,578 |
| Apple | US$186,487 | US$220,543 | US$238,791 | 3,925 |
| Deloitte Consulting | US$114,500 | US$142,800 | US$175,200 | 3,837 |
| Wal Mart Associates | US$132,357 | US$168,795 | US$193,651 | 3,340 |
| Jpmorgan Chase | US$140,000 | US$156,500 | US$176,600 | 2,631 |
| Capgemini | US$114,773 | US$129,990 | US$143,978 | 2,512 |
| Hcl | US$91,042 | US$108,680 | US$128,775 | 2,450 |
| Accenture | US$153,500 | US$173,011 | US$204,437 | 2,449 |
| Ibm | US$123,985 | US$142,689 | US$170,602 | 2,349 |
| Ltimindtree | US$96,296 | US$109,846 | US$121,562 | 2,271 |
| Compunnel Software Group | US$111,448 | US$120,000 | US$137,900 | 2,235 |
| Fidelity Technology Group Llc D B A Fidelity Investments | US$127,889 | US$138,328 | US$152,828 | 2,158 |
| Wipro | US$86,400 | US$91,042 | US$106,382 | 2,055 |
| Salesforce | US$171,434 | US$205,000 | US$237,993 | 1,684 |
| Mphasis | US$100,000 | US$120,000 | US$132,000 | 1,601 |
| Nvidia | US$195,718 | US$228,618 | US$256,077 | 1,055 |
| Tech Mahindra Americas | US$91,375 | US$105,997 | US$126,693 | 1,030 |
The IT-services pay gap
Large IT-services, consulting, and staffing firms disclose a median base wage of US$109,886, which is US$35,409 (32%) below the US$145,295 product and direct-hire employers disclose.
- IT-services, consulting & staffing
- US$109,886
- 59,201 filings · 63 employers
- Product & direct-hire
- US$145,295
- 248,084 filings · 9,320 employers
Cohorts are a heuristic classification of a curated set of large IT-services, consulting, and staffing filers, matched by employer name; every other sponsor counts as product/direct-hire. Each figure is the filing-weighted median of its cohort’s disclosed base wages. This is a base figure that omits equity and bonus, sourced from U.S. DOL OFLC. It classifies a curated set, not every filer, and is not a judgment of any individual employer.
Highest-paying tech roles
Tech roles ranked by the median base wage disclosed on H-1B/LCA visa filings. This is a base figure that omits equity and bonus, sourced from U.S. DOL OFLC. Only roles with enough filings to be reliable are ranked.
| Role | Median base wage |
|---|---|
| Engineering Manager | US$203,000 |
| Machine Learning Engineer | US$188,466 |
| Backend Engineer | US$165,000 |
| Embedded Engineer | US$147,846 |
| Data Scientist | US$143,629 |
| Mobile Engineer | US$140,583 |
| Security Engineer | US$140,000 |
| Software Engineer | US$132,579 |
| Data Engineer | US$128,346 |
| DevOps Engineer | US$120,000 |
| Full Stack Engineer | US$116,938 |
| Frontend Engineer | US$115,000 |
| QA Engineer | US$110,177 |
| Data Analyst | US$100,668 |
Top-paying tech cities
Metro areas ranked by the median base wage disclosed on H-1B/LCA visa filings. This is a base figure that omits equity and bonus, sourced from U.S. DOL OFLC. Only cities with enough filings to be reliable are ranked.
| Metro area | 25th | Median | 75th | Filings |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Yorktown Heights, NY | US$204,592 | US$229,916 | US$250,880 | 34 |
| Cupertino, CA | US$184,852 | US$226,600 | US$243,504 | 2,003 |
| Los Gatos, CA | US$226,158 | US$226,158 | US$264,514 | 254 |
| San Mateo, CA | US$169,407 | US$213,106 | US$255,100 | 735 |
| San Francisco, CA | US$168,283 | US$200,000 | US$235,000 | 6,825 |
| Menlo Park, CA | US$180,000 | US$199,004 | US$229,501 | 2,682 |
| Redwood Shores, CA | US$173,709 | US$194,405 | US$232,970 | 85 |
| Foster City, CA | US$162,836 | US$193,920 | US$224,404 | 654 |
| Santa Clara, CA | US$160,516 | US$192,736 | US$226,307 | 4,087 |
| Sunnyvale, CA | US$166,000 | US$192,040 | US$221,682 | 7,740 |
| Mountain View, CA | US$168,000 | US$190,497 | US$223,000 | 4,804 |
| Mercer Island, WA | US$163,862 | US$190,486 | US$212,406 | 28 |
| Palo Alto, CA | US$165,000 | US$190,232 | US$226,138 | 2,108 |
| Burlingame, CA | US$173,000 | US$190,000 | US$225,753 | 271 |
| San Jose, CA | US$152,276 | US$187,500 | US$223,963 | 6,908 |
| Sammamish, WA | US$149,620 | US$187,018 | US$223,833 | 107 |
| Brentwood, CA | US$157,329 | US$186,834 | US$211,512 | 26 |
| San Carlos, CA | US$160,901 | US$185,000 | US$203,399 | 51 |
| Mill Creek, WA | US$135,700 | US$184,161 | US$223,601 | 29 |
| Campbell, CA | US$137,800 | US$184,142 | US$217,270 | 81 |
| San Bruno, CA | US$157,000 | US$183,788 | US$201,586 | 474 |
| Redwood City, CA | US$155,029 | US$182,303 | US$213,512 | 624 |
| East Palo Alto, CA | US$148,400 | US$180,960 | US$210,000 | 295 |
| Greenwich, CT | US$149,000 | US$177,500 | US$212,474 | 52 |
Disclosed tech salaries by US state
| State | Median base wage |
|---|---|
| Texas | US$115,091 |
| California | US$182,500 |
| Washington | US$164,548 |
| New Jersey | US$125,000 |
| New York | US$155,000 |
| North Carolina | US$124,593 |
| Georgia | US$118,487 |
| Illinois | US$117,500 |
| Florida | US$114,517 |
| Virginia | US$125,001 |
| Pennsylvania | US$112,486 |
| Massachusetts | US$140,000 |
| Ohio | US$111,295 |
| Michigan | US$114,000 |
| Arizona | US$115,488 |
| Tennessee | US$113,578 |
| Missouri | US$111,509 |
| Colorado | US$133,724 |
| Minnesota | US$118,685 |
| Connecticut | US$111,634 |
| Maryland | US$123,656 |
| Arkansas | US$120,000 |
| Indiana | US$105,000 |
| Wisconsin | US$109,500 |
| Delaware | US$122,682 |
| Oregon | US$139,227 |
| Utah | US$120,865 |
| South Carolina | US$113,797 |
| Kentucky | US$104,556 |
| Kansas | US$106,058 |
| Iowa | US$106,070 |
| District of Columbia | US$125,279 |
| New Hampshire | US$120,210 |
| Nebraska | US$113,703 |
| Rhode Island | US$123,000 |
| Nevada | US$110,802 |
| Alabama | US$95,000 |
| Oklahoma | US$97,219 |
| Louisiana | US$102,150 |
| Idaho | US$109,577 |
| New Mexico | US$97,822 |
| Mississippi | US$97,386 |
| Maine | US$115,250 |
| Wyoming | US$90,563 |
| South Dakota | US$87,069 |
| North Dakota | US$87,000 |
| Vermont | US$117,105 |
| Hawaii | US$113,000 |
| West Virginia | US$104,000 |
| Puerto Rico | US$83,998 |
| Montana | US$131,950 |
| Alaska | US$72,800 |
| Guam | US$85,134 |
| U.S. Virgin Islands | US$51,231 |
| Northern Mariana Islands | US$40,498 |
How fresh are these postings?
We re-check the job boards we track on every refresh and note when a posting first appeared, how long it stays up, and when the same listing comes back. These are raw counts across 111,042 tracked postings (22,285 still open), not a verdict on any one job.
| Typical time a posting stays open | 7 days |
|---|---|
| Share of open postings past 30 days | 9% |
| Listings reposted under a new ID with identical text | 11,508 |
| The same listing running on more than one board | 6 |
| Roles re-listed more than once at the same company | 13,567 |
These counts cover only the boards we track, not the whole hiring market, so read them as a sample. A dash means we haven’t seen enough of that signal here yet. A reposted or long-open listing isn’t necessarily a ghost job. Visa and green-card rules require some roles to be re-advertised. So we show what we saw and leave the call to you.
Posting patterns by company
How the busiest employers on the boards we track run their postings: how long a typical role stays open, and how often we saw the same listing come back. These are observations, not a verdict on any employer, measured across 109,237 tracked postings with a named company, through November 2026.
| Company | Postings | Most-listed role | Typical days open | Repeat listings |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Andurilindustries | 2,413 | Software Engineer | 7 days | reposted 1895 times over 1 month |
| Spacex | 2,203 | Software Engineer | 7 days | reposted 1702 times over 4 months |
| Capital One | 1,678 | Full Stack Engineer | 14 days | reposted 1464 times over 4 months |
| Amazon | 1,228 | Software Engineer | 14 days | reposted 782 times over 4 months |
| Noir | 913 | Software Engineer | 0 days | reposted 750 times over 3 months |
| Speechify | 877 | Software Engineer | 7 days | reposted 1573 times over 4 months |
| Itol Recruit | 863 | Software Engineer | 0 days | reposted 836 times over 4 months |
| Deloitte | 800 | Software Engineer | 7 days | reposted 907 times over 4 months |
| Efinancialcareers | 741 | Software Engineer | 0 days | reposted 456 times over 4 months |
| Jpmorgan Chase | 731 | Software Engineer | 14 days | reposted 124 times over 4 months |
Only employers with at least 5 tracked postings appear, since fewer can’t carry a typical figure. A reposted or long-open listing is not necessarily a ghost job. Visa and green-card rules require some roles to be re-advertised, so we show what we saw and leave the call to you.
Where roles sit open longest
The role and location cells whose postings stay open longest across the markets we track, and how often the same listing comes back. These are the roles where a candidate has the most time and leverage. These are observations over the postings we tracked, not a verdict on any employer. As of the week of 9 November 2026.
| Role | Market | Where | Typical time open | Relisted | Open 30+ days | Postings |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mobile Engineer | United States | San Francisco | 5.8 weeks | 28.2% | 51.6% | 117 |
| DevOps Engineer | United Kingdom | Cambridge | 4.7 weeks | 12.9% | 50.0% | 31 |
| Full Stack Engineer | United Kingdom | Glasgow | 4.7 weeks | 33.3% | 52.9% | 51 |
| Frontend Engineer | United States | Boston | 3.9 weeks | 27.5% | 50.0% | 69 |
| Backend Engineer | United Kingdom | Remote Uk | 3.8 weeks | 24.6% | 50.0% | 57 |
| Frontend Engineer | United States | San Francisco | 3.8 weeks | 27.8% | 34.8% | 241 |
| Embedded Engineer | United States | San Francisco | 3.8 weeks | 18.0% | 41.7% | 78 |
| Full Stack Engineer | Australia | Perth | 3.5 weeks | 8.8% | 16.7% | 57 |
| Full Stack Engineer | United Kingdom | Manchester | 3.3 weeks | 21.0% | 35.0% | 167 |
| Embedded Engineer | United States | Austin | 3 weeks | 25.9% | 31.0% | 135 |
| DevOps Engineer | United States | Boston | 3 weeks | 23.8% | 44.9% | 269 |
| Frontend Engineer | United States | Austin | 3 weeks | 21.3% | 29.6% | 75 |
Only cells with at least 30 tracked postings appear, since fewer can’t carry a typical figure. A long-open or reposted listing is not necessarily a ghost job. Visa and green-card rules require some roles to be re-advertised, so we show what we saw and leave the call to you.
Dossiers, bulletin, and open data
Quarter-grain trend reporting with disclosed methodology: a hiring dossier per market we collect (Australia, United States, United Kingdom), the dated Global Tech Hiring Bulletin, and the CC-BY datasets behind the published figures.
Vacancy and salary data includes Adzuna.
Disclosed wage data from the U.S. Department of Labor, OFLC.